Reference

Conversion Process

Capacity

Ethanol Production Cost (2005 US $/litre)

Von Sivers & Zacchi (1996)

Enz./dilute acid/concentrated acid

100,000 (softwood)

0.76/0.81/0.79

Lynd (1996)

Enz (SSF)

592,000 (hardwood)

0.4

NREL Wooley et al. (1999)

Aden et al. (2002)

Ruth and Jechura (2003)

Enz. (SSF)

700,000 (hardwood)

(corn stover)

0.47/0.34

Wingren (2003)

Enz. (SHF)/Enz.(SSF)

196,000 (softwood)

0.8/0.64-0.68)

Sassner et al. (2008)

Enz. (SSF)

200,000 (hardwood/corn stover/softwood)

0.71/0.1/0.57